Publications

* Corresponding author † Those authors contributed equally

1. Li, H.*, Kuang, H., & Botelho, A. F.* (2026, June). Can We Trust AI's Self-Assessment? Evaluating and Improving LLM Confidence Calibration in Educational Dialogue Coding. To appear in Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2026), Seoul, South Korea. (Acceptance Rate: 16.7%)

2. Li, H.*, Esmaeiligoujar, S., Adhami, N., Li, H., & Huang, R.* (2026, June). “I Spend All My Energy Preparing”: Balancing AI Automation and Agency for Self-Regulated Learning in SmartFlash. To appear in Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS) at the International Society of the Learning Sciences Annual Meeting (ISLS 2026), Irvine, CA, USA.

3. Rahimi, S.*, Li, H., Esmaeiligoujar, S., & Ercan, D. (2026, June). Rubric-Guided Generative AI for Scalable Creativity Assessment in Educational Games. To appear in Proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS) at the International Society of the Learning Sciences Annual Meeting (ISLS 2026), Irvine, CA, USA.

4. Zhang, S.*, Li, H.*, Lee, S.*, Lee, J.-E., Schroeder, N. L., & Botelho, A. F.* (2026, June). Assessing Student Collaboration with Multimodal Data and Large Language Models. To appear in Proceedings of the International Conference of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) at the International Society of the Learning Sciences Annual Meeting (ISLS 2026), Irvine, CA, USA.

5. Zhang, S.*, Zambrano, A. F.*, Li, H.*, Lee, S.*, Lee, J.-E., & Botelho, A. F.* (2026, June). Modeling and Analyzing Collaborative Dialogue States in Mathematics Problem-Solving through ONA and Hidden Markov Models. To appear in Proceedings of the International Conference of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) at the International Society of the Learning Sciences Annual Meeting (ISLS 2026), Irvine, CA, USA.

6. Lee, S.*, Li, H.*, Zhang, S., Zhong, Z., Lee, J. E., & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, July). So What? Unpacking the Complexities in Collaborative Problem Solving with AI-Augmented Sense-Making. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2025), Palermo, Italy. (Acceptance Rate: <16%) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98462-4_54 [link]

7. Zhang, S.*, Li, H.*, Lee, S., Schroeder, N. L., & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, July). VETTING AI for Deeper Learning: Constraining LLMs to Encourage Student Inquiry. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2025), Palermo, Italy. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99264-3_33 [link]

8. Rahimi, S.*, Ercan, D., Gao, R., Esmaeiligoujar, S., Babaee, M., Li, H., Zhang, S., Lee, S., Closser, A., & Botelho, A. F. (2025, July). ProductiveMath: A Generative-AI-Powered App to Support Productive Failure Teaching. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2025), Palermo, Italy. Best Paper Nominee (Late Breaking Results). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99264-3_43 [link]

9. Li, H.*, Xing, W., Lyu, B., Zhu, W., Liu, Z., & Li, H. (2025, July). An Automated Aesthetic Assessment Framework of Mathematical Story Images Validated by Click Counts. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Learning @ Scale Conference (L@S 2025), Palermo, Italy. https://doi.org/10.1145/3698205.3733923 [link]

10. Hwang, W., Li, H., Aguinalde, A. P., Zhang, Y., Shin, J.*, Crippen, K., & Carroll, B. (2025, July). Building an Explainable Recommender System for Engineering Students’ Work-Integrated Learning (WIL). In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2025), Palermo, Italy. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15870223 [link] [HTML]

11. Li, H.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, June). Balancing the imbalance: Enhancing MOOC discussion forum urgency prediction with LLM-generated data augmentation. In Proceedings of the Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) at the International Society of the Learning Sciences Annual Meeting (ISLS 2025), Helsinki, Finland. https://doi.org/10.22318/cscl2025.111336 [link] [detail] [pdf] 

12. Li, H.*, Fang, Y., Zhang, S., Lee, S., Wang, Y., Trexler, M., & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, March). ARCHED: A human-centered framework for transparent, responsible, and collaborative AI-assisted instructional design. In Proceedings of the iRAISE 2025: Innovation and Responsibility for AI-Supported Education at the 39th AAAI Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2025), in Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 273: 4-104. (Spotlight Paper), Philadelphia, PA, USA. Awarded the iRAISE Travel Scholarship.  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.08931 [link] [detail] [arXiv] [pdf] 

13. Li, H.*, Zhang, S.*, Lee, S.*, Lee, J.E.*, Zhong, Z.*, Weitnauer, E.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2024, July). Math in motion: Analyzing real-time student collaboration in computer-supported learning environments. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2024), 533--541, Atlanta, GA, USA. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12729878 [HTML] [bib] [pdf] [detail]

14. Li, H.*, Lee, S.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2024, July). This paper was written with the help of ChatGPT: Exploring the consequences of AI-driven academic writing on scholarly practices. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2024), 542--550, Atlanta, GA, USA. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12729880 [HTML] [bib] [pdf] [detail]

15. Zhang, S.*, Li, H.*, Li, H.*, Botelho, A. F.*, & Israel, M.* (2024, July). Investigating the dynamic change of pre- and in-service teachers’ experiences, attitudes, and perceptions through CS autobiography using topic modeling. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2024), 921--926, Atlanta, GA, USA. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12729999 [HTML] [bib] [pdf]

16. Li, H.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2024, July). Developing explainable AI systems to support feedback for students. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2024), 998--1002, Atlanta, GA, USA. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12730029 [HTML] [bib] [pdf] [detail]

17. Li, H.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2024, June). Fine-tuning large language models for data augmentation to detect at-risk students in online learning communities. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning - (ISLS 2024) (pp. 441-442). International Society of the Learning Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.22318/cscl2024.208036 [pdf] [detail]

18. Li, H.*†, & Zhao, H†. (2022, June). Applying an online learning platform to enhance students’ online education classroom learning experience during COVID-19. In Proceedings of the 2022 8th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2022) (pp. 2837-2842), Chongqing, China. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220504.515 [pdf] 

1. Li, H.*, Zhang, S., & Botelho, A. F. (2026). VETTING: A Dual-LLM Framework for In-Loop Safety Verification via Policy Isolation in Educational AI. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. (Under review)

2. Rahimi, S.*, Li, H., Esmaeiligoujar, S., Ercan, D., & Botelho, A. F. (2026). A rubric-guided multimodal approach using high-capacity LLMs provides psychometrically sound creativity assessment in learning games. Creativity Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2026.2638384

3. Lee, S. M., Baral, S., Li, H., Cheng, L., Zhang, S., Thorp, C. S., St. John, J., Thompson, T., Heffernan, N., & Botelho, A. F. (2025). Developing feedback taxonomy for math: a synergy of perspectives through data mining methods. Journal of Educational Data Mining, 17(2), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16684563 [link]

4. Wang, H., Song, C.*, & Li, H. (2024). Application of social media communication for museum based on the deep mediatization and artificial intelligence. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 28661. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80378-2 [pdf]

5. Liu, B., Li, M., Ji, Z., Li, H., & Luo, J.* (2024). Intelligent productivity transformation: Corporate market demand forecasting with the aid of an AI virtual assistant. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC), 36(1). https://doi.org/10.4018/JOEUC.336284 [pdf]

6. Yuan, R., Li, H., Sun, Z.*, & Zhang, H. (2023). Application of graph convolutional network in the construction of knowledge graph for higher mathematics teaching. Sensors and Materials, 35(12), 4269–4269. https://doi.org/10.18494/sam4340   [pdf]

7. Wang, M., Shao, Y., Fu, S., Ye, L.*, Li, H.*, & Yang, G. (2022). The influence of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship intention in the art field of art film and television appreciation by deep learning under entrepreneurial psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.900176   [pdf]

8. Wang, Z., Cai, L.*, Chen, Y., Li, H., & Jia, H. (2021). The teaching design methods under educational psychology based on deep learning and artificial intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.711489   [pdf] 

1. Rahimi, S.*, Esmaeiligoujar, S.*, Li, H.* (2026, April). Creativity assessment and machine creativity using generative AI in a sandbox physics game. In the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting 2026, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

2. Lee, S., Zhang, S., Li, H., & Botelho, A. (2026, April). Designing for procedural flexibility with collaborative digital whiteboards: A case study of middle school algebra. In the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting 2026 , Los Angeles, CA, United States.

3. Li, H.*, Lee, S.*, Zhang, S.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, October). When AI Agents Battle: Can Their Debates Transform Learning and Spark Critical Thinking? In the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) International Convention 2025, Las Vegas, NV, USA. [link] [detail]

4. Li, H.*, Zhang, S.*, Lee, S.*, Trexler, M.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, October). LOGEN AI: Implementing a Transparent Human-AI Collaborative Tool for Enhanced Instructional Design. In the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) International Convention 2025, Las Vegas, NV, USA. [link] [detail]

5. Zhang, S.*, Li, H.*, Lee, S.*, Schroeder, N. L.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, October). Investigating Student Interactions with General and Filtered ChatGPT. In the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) International Convention 2025, Las Vegas, NV, USA. [link]

6. Hwang, W.*, Li, H.*, & Shin, J.* (2025, October). Co-Designing an Explainable AI Educational Recommender System: A Student-Centered Approach. In the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) International Convention 2025, Las Vegas, NV, USA. 

7. Lee, S.*, Li, H.*, Zhang, S., Zhong, Z., Lee, J. E., & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, July). So What Now? AI-Augmented Sense-Making in Action: An Interactive Dashboard for Collaborative Mathematics Learning. In the 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2025) Interactive Events Track, Palermo, Italy. [link]

8. Rahimi, S.*, Esmaeiligoujar, S.,* Gao, R.*, Celik, D.*, Li, H.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, April). Supporting teachers to prepare for productive failure using an AI-powered algebra problem generator. In the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting 2025, Denver, CO, USA. 

9. Rahimi, S.*, Celik, D.*, Gao, R.*, Esmaeiligoujar, S.*, Li, H.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, April). Using generative AI for automated human-creativity assessment and machine creativity in a sandbox game. In the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting 2025, Denver, CO, USA.

10. Rahimi, S.*, Li, H.*, Celik, D.*, Esmaeiligoujar, S.*, Gao, R.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2025, March). An Automated Human-Creativity Assessment and Machine Creativity in a Sandbox Game Using Generative AI. In the Society for Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts Annual Conference (APA Division 10), New Haven, CT, USA. [slides]

11. Li, H.*, Zhang, S.*, Lee, S.*, & Botelho, A. F.* (2024, October). AI-enabled chatbots in educational practice: A systematic review from 2017 to 2023. In the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) International Convention 2024, Kansas City, MO, USA. [link] [detail]

• Li, H., & Zhang, S. (2025, August). ARCHED: A Human-Centered Framework for Transparent, Responsible, and Collaborative AI-Assisted Instructional Design. Invited guest lecture for the Graduate User Modeling course at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA. Host: Dr. Neil Heffernan.

Master's Thesis, Education, University of Southampton 

• Li, H. (2023). Post-pandemic reflections: A Literature review of the digital divide in online learning in the pandemic. Advisor: Dr. John Woollard. https://doi.org/10.35542/osf.io/qug4h [pdf]